A filin lantarki, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan wayoyi da igiyoyi shine insulating da jacketing kayan.Shekaru da yawa, abubuwan da aka fi sani da suttura don igiyoyi masu amfani da wutar lantarki shine takarda mai cike da man fetur saboda kyawawan halayen lantarki.Har ila yau, yana da ikon jure babban nauyin nauyin zafin jiki ba tare da lalacewa ta wuce kima ba.Koyaya, saboda hygroscopicnature ɗin sa, kwafin ƙarfe ya lalace.Akwai, saboda haka, daɗaɗɗen buƙatun buƙatun abin rufewa mai ƙarfi, wanda ke da haɗuwa da yanayin rashin hygroscopic na thermoplasticmaterials.
Ana iya yin shirye-shiryen polymers masu haɗin gwiwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu.Daya shine hanyar sinadarai kuma ɗayan shine hanyar ionizing.Ko da yake fahimtar wannan tasirin ƙetare ya haura shekaru 150, Charlesby ya fara nuna tasirin haɗin kai na ionizing radiation a karon farko.Hanyar hanyar haɗin kai ta radiation ita ce mafi inganci ga ƙananan ƙananan wayoyi da ƙananan wayoyi don haka an samar da wayoyi da ake amfani da su don kayan lantarki da na lantarki ta hanyar hanyar haɗin kai ta radiation.Hanyar tana da fa'ida saboda ƙarancin amfani da makamashi kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin sarari.Tsarin radiation yana da sauƙin sarrafawa kuma yana da yuwuwar tanadin makamashi kamar yadda ake sarrafa gurɓatawa.An taƙaita takamaiman fasalulluka na haɗin kai na radiation kamar haka: (1) Ana iya sarrafa saurin layin samarwa.Babban abin rufewa (extrusion) yana yiwuwa, saboda babu buƙatar wakili mai haɗin gwiwa.Ta hanyar yin amfani da mai haɓakawa tare da babban iko da ƙananan makamashi, ana iya samun saurin gaggawa.(2) Daidaiton haɗin kai yana da kyau.Za'a iya aiwatar da haɗewar haɗin kai ta hanyar zaɓin injin da ya dace da ɗaukar ingantacciyar ƙira don ciyar da waya.(3) Za'a iya shirya nau'ikan polymers iri-iri, ya danganta da matakin ƙetare ta hanyar hanyar haɗin kai ta radiation.Bugu da ƙari, tsarin warkar da radiation ya fi dacewa fiye da tsarin maganin tururi.A cikin aikin sarrafa tururi, ruwa da ke ratsawa cikin Layer polymer ƙarƙashin babban matsin tururi yana haifar da adadin 'microvoids', waɗanda zasu iya haifar da fashewar juzu'i mai siffar bishiya lokacin da kebul ɗin ke cikin sabis.Ko da yake al'amarin yana da rikitarwa sosai, bishiyoyi na iya girma kuma suna haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin lantarki na igiyoyi.Baya ga waɗannan, tsarin warkar da tururi yana da wasu kurakurai daga mahangar amfani da makamashi: (a) ana buƙatar matsa lamba mai ƙarfi don samun yanayi mai girma;(b) Ingancin zafin zafin jiki daga wajen kebul ɗin yana da ƙasa kuma (c) babban adadin kuzari da kebul ɗin ke amfani da shi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi da kuma daɗaɗɗen lokacin amsawar haɗin gwiwa.Maganin radiation shine ɗan takara don hanyoyin bushewa.Duk da haka, yana da matsala cewa gina electrons ya tsaya da/ko samuwa a cikin rufin rufi ta hanyar iska mai iska wanda ke haifar da lalacewa mai siffar bishiya a lokacin da bayan sakawa.Ya bambanta da 'tsarin da ba shi da ruwa'.Kamar yadda kebul na polymer ya ƙunshi babban danshi da manyan ɓoye, tsarin warkewa yana da mahimmanci.Baya ga fa'idodin da ke sama, ana iya gabatar da kayan semiconductor cikin sauƙi a cikin tsarin warkar da radiation wanda ba shi da sauƙi idan ana aiwatar da aikin tururi kamar yadda yawancin kayan ba za su iya jure yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba.
Dabarar grafting radiation kuma tana ba da ɗawainiya ga matrix.Wannan ita ce hanya ta musamman ta haɗa gudanar da matrix akan abin rufe fuska.Wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi kashewa na polymer kashin baya tare da monomer mai dacewa ta hanyar grafting da sakawa na gaba na polymer ɗin da ke aiki akan saman kashin baya.Baya ga halayen rufewa, a wannan yanayin polymer na iya zama kamar gudanar da ɗaya.Ko da yake ba a kafa shi ba tukuna, yana iya nuna aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa da yawa kamar garkuwar EMI, gudanar da sutura da magungunan antistatic.Bhattacharya etal.sun shirya abubuwan haɗin polymer-FEP-g- (AA)-PPY da polymer-FEP-g- (sty) -PPY.Da farko, polymer-FEP an watsar da hanyar Co-60 kuma an tsoma fim ɗin cikin kashi daban-daban na monomers.Daga nan an ajiye PPy akan saman da aka dasa ta hanyar oxidative polymerisation na pyrrole ta amfani da ferric chloride a matsayin oxidant.An rage juriya na saman kuma suna cikin tsari na 104-105ohm/cm2.Juriya na saman ya dogara da adadin grafting na monomers.Yin amfani da wannan dabarar, ana iya ƙara haɓakar daɗaɗɗen sararin samaniya maimakon ɗawainiya mai yawa.Hakanan za'a iya ba da halayen ɗaukar hoto na fim ɗin ta hanyar dasa shuki.Cellulose acetate-g-(N-vinyl carbazole) da cellulose acetate-g-(N-vinyl carbazole–methyl methacylate) su ne misalan fim ɗin mai ɗaukar hoto.
A cikin masana'antar kebul na lantarki, galibi ana amfani da polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), robar EPDM.Ana amfani da polyethylene saboda kyawawan kayan lantarki da tsawon lokacin sa.An fi son polyethylene mai ƙarancin ƙarfi akan babban polyethylene mai girma saboda dalilai da yawa.Dalilan sune kamar haka: (a) ƙarin sassauci;(b) Ƙarfin dielectric mafi girma fiye da polyethylene mai girma;(c) tsawon rai fiye da HDPE;(d) ƙasa da wahalar aiwatarwa fiye da HDPE da (e) ƙasa da haɗarin haɗa ɓoyayyen ɓoye a cikin rufin LDPE, wanda ke haifar da ionization.Duk da irin wannan fa'idodin, LDPE yana da nasa iyaka azaman abin rufewa na USB.Da yake shi ne polymer na thermoplastic, yana da zafin jiki mai laushi a kusa da 105-115 ⬚C kuma yana da halin fashewar damuwa lokacin da yake hulɗa da wasu abubuwan da ke aiki a saman.Haɗin kai na ƙwayoyin polyethylene yana inganta yanayin zafi da kuma kayan jiki yayin da kaddarorinsa na lantarki ba su canzawa.Polyethylene mai haɗe-haɗe shine, don haka, ba polymer thermoplastic ba.Yana yin laushi a wurin narkewar crystalline na polyethylene kuma yana ɗaukar daidaiton roba, mai kama da roba, kayan da yake riƙe yayin haɓakar yanayin yanayi har sai ya zama carbonised ba tare da narkewa a 300 ⬚C ba.Halin damuwa-fatsewa yana ɓacewa kuma yana samun kyakkyawan juriya ga tsufa a cikin iska mai zafi.An fi son igiyoyin polyethylene masu alaƙa da juna saboda ingantattun kayan lantarki da na zahiri.Yana da ikon ɗaukar manyan igiyoyin ruwa, yana jure wa ƙananan radius lankwasawa kuma yana da nauyi, yana ba da izinin shigarwa mai sauƙi kuma abin dogaro, watau ba shi da ƙarancin tsayin daka tunda ba ya ƙunshi kowane mai don haka yana da 'yanci daga gazawar saboda ƙaura mai a cikin mai. kebul na fili.Hakanan baya buƙatar kwafin ƙarfe gabaɗaya. Don haka, yana da 'yanci daga gazawar musamman zuwa igiyoyi masu sheƙa na ƙarfe, lalata da gajiya.Yanzu-a-kwanaki, radiation crosslinking ne industrially shafi ba kawai polyethylene amma kuma sauran polymers kuma kamar polyvinyl chloride, polyisobutylene da dai sauransu A kansa PVC ne musamman m polymer.Ya fara samun mahimmancin kasuwanci ne kawai bayan haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin daidaitawa.Tare da taimakon wakilai masu gyare-gyare (stabilisers, plasticizers, fillers da sauran additives), ana iya sanya PVC don nuna nau'ikan kaddarorin, kama daga matsananciyar tsauri zuwa mai sassauƙa.Bambance-bambancen aikace-aikacen sa da ƙarancin farashi suna da alhakin mahimmancinta a kasuwar duniya.
Don haɓaka aikin haɗin kai, polymers ba safai ba ne ake amfani da su a cikin tsarkakkiyar sigarsu.Plasticisers,antioxidants, fillers suna da rawar da suke takawa ta hanyarsu don ba da kaddarorin da ake buƙata.Ƙarin ya fi kyau yayin aikin haɗin gwiwa.Ana ƙara masu yin filasta zuwa polymers don rage ɓarnar samfuran polymer.Suna shafar hanyar haɗin gwiwa a duk lokacin da suka shiga cikin tsararrun masu zaman kansu ko shigar da halayen haɓakawa.Dibutyl phthalate, tritolyl phosphate da diallyl phosphate sune misalai na yau da kullun na filastik zuwa PVC.Ana inganta sassauci da elasticity, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin rufin lantarki, ta hanyar ƙara masu filastik zuwa PVC.A zahiri idan akwai PVC, wanda ke da iyakacin duniya saboda tsarin da ba shi da daidaituwa, yana haifar da haɓakar haɗin gwiwar intermolecular masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ke haɗa sarƙoƙin macromolecular da ƙarfi, tare da sa ya zama mara ƙarfi.Antioxidants wani rukuni ne na ƙari, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga duk wani cakuda mai alaƙa da aka ƙera don maƙasudin mahimmin kwatankwacin kwanciyar hankali mafi girma na thermooxidative akan samar da polymer.Yawancin lokaci suna shafar ɓangarorin ƙetare ta hanyar ɓatanci, waɗanda za su iya haifar da haɗin kai.RC (4,4-thio-bis (6-tert-butyl-3-methyl phenol), MB (Mercapto benzoimidazole) su ne misalan antioxidants waɗanda Ueno et al ke amfani da su. Launuka na robobi sun haɗa da nau'ikan inorganic da organicmaterials, ba a fi son abubuwan da ba su canza launi ba a cikin wannan filin. An gano cewa yawan radicals a cikin polyethylene ya karu da 50%, lokacin da aka ƙara ƙaramin adadin (0.05%) na aerosil. Polyethylene, inda macromoleces gwangwani a cikin yanayin da ba a bayyana ba. Tare da mafi girman abun ciki na polymer na iya faruwa kuma haka ya taimaka ga lokaci mai yawa na 'yanci.Haka kuma, haɗewar iska mai iska tare da haɗaɗɗen amsawa na iya shafar gano hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo tare da sarƙoƙin polymer.
A takaice, radiation yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a sarrafa polymer da ake amfani da shi a filin lantarki.'Radiation crosslinking' shine al'amuran da za'a iya inganta kaddarorin polymers.Ita ce hanya mafi ci gaba kamar 'vulcanisation' tana da wasu iyakoki.Ana iya inganta haɓakar haɗin kai ta hanyar zaɓin monomers masu dacewa.A cikin tsarin haɗin kai na radiation, masu yin robobi, fillers da ƙari mai saurin wuta suna da tasiri sosai a tsarin haɗin kai na radiation.Hanyar radiationcrosslinking kuma tana da amfani sosai a shirye-shiryen kayan semiconductor.Baya ga waɗannan, ana kuma iya amfani da fasahar grafting na radiyo don shirya fim ɗin da aka haɗa da fina-finai tare da halayen daukar hoto.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-02-2017