Dan Adam ya yi amfani da kayan polymeric na halitta kamar itace, fata da ulu tun farkon tarihi, amma polymers na roba ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai bayan haɓaka fasahar roba a cikin 1800s.John Wesley Hyatt ne ya kirkiro Ž rst roba polymer abu, celluloid, wanda John Wesley Hyatt ya ƙirƙira a 1869, daga cellulose nitrate da camphor.Babban ci gaba a cikin polymers na roba shine ƙirƙirar Bakelite ta Leo Hendrik Baekeland a cikin 1907. Ayyukan Hermann Staudinger a cikin 1920 sun nuna a fili yanayin macromolecular na dogon sarƙoƙi na maimaita raka'a.1 Kalmar 'polymer' ta fito daga Girkanci, kuma tana nufin 'da yawa. sassa'.Saurin haɓaka masana'antar polymer ya fara ne jim kaɗan kafin yakin duniya na biyu, tare da haɓaka polymers na acrylic, polystyrene, nailan, polyurethane da gabatarwar polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene da sauran polymers a cikin 1940s da 1950s.Yayin da kusan tan miliyan 1 ne aka samar a shekarar 1945, yawan robobin da ake samarwa ya zarce na karfe a shekarar 1981, kuma gibin ya ci gaba da karuwa tun daga lokacin.
Za a iya sarrafa polymers masu tsabta da kansu.Ana haɗa su da wasu kayan, yawanci ta hanyar haɗawa ta inji ko narke ƙasa don samar da pellets, foda ko akes don amfani da su a ayyukan sarrafawa na gaba.Mahalli na iya haɗawa da Ž llers (don rage farashi), ƙarfafawa, wasu polymers, launuka, ame retardants, stabilizers (don hana lalacewa daga haske, zafi ko wasu abubuwan muhalli) da kayan aikin sarrafawa daban-daban.
Za a iya rarraba polymers ɗin roba zuwa nau'i biyu.Thermoplastics (da nisa mafi girma girma) za a iya narkar da ta dumama, solidiŽ ed ta sanyaya da kuma sake narke akai-akai.Manyan nau'ikan sune polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) da polyamide (PA, nailan).Thermosets suna taurare ta hanyar aikace-aikacen zafi da matsa lamba, saboda haɗin kai, watau ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwa mai fuska uku na dindindin.Ba za a iya tausasa su ta dumama don sake sarrafawa ba.Bakelite, epoxies da mafi yawan polyurethane sune thermosets.
Bayanin na yanzu an keɓe shi kaɗai ga sarrafa thermoplastics.Thermoplastics na kasuwanci suna classiŽ ed bisa ga aikin su kamar 'kayayyaki' (ƙananan aiki, kamar PE, PP, PS da PVC), 'Injiniya' (kamar PC, nailan da PET) ko 'ci gaba' (mafi girman aiki, kamar su). Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) da kuma polyethertherketone (PEEK)).Haɓakar fashewar da ake tsammani a aikin injiniya da na'urori masu tasowa ba su samu ba.Amfani da robobi ya ci gaba da girma a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, amma galibi a cikin nau'in kayayyaki.A halin yanzu, polymers kayayyaki sun kai ~ 88% na ƙarar da aka samar, 3 robobin injiniya ~ 12% kuma sun ci gaba ƙasa da 1%.Ko da yake farashin manyan polymers a kowace kilogiram ya fi na kayan polymers kayayyaki, darajar su a duniya ga tattalin arzikin har yanzu kadan ne.
Robas ɗin kayayyaki suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi da taurin kai idan aka kwatanta da karafa ko yumbu, kuma suna nuna rarrafe ƙarƙashin ƙarfin da aka yi amfani da su.Hakanan suna da ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin amfani da su azaman daskararru (mafi yawan narkewa a cikin kewayon 100-250 ° C).Moduli mai ƙarfi na robobi na kayayyaki sune ~ 1 GPa (idan aka kwatanta da 210 GPa don ƙarfe).Ba za a iya samun ci gaban Signi-Ž ta hanyar daidaita sarƙoƙin polymer ba.A haƙiƙa, abubuwan haɗin carbon-carbon suna da ƙarfi sosai, kuma an samar da polyethylenes makoki guda ɗaya tare da ƙimar darajar da ta wuce ta ƙarfe.Za'a iya samun babban daidaitawa ta hanyar dabarun sarrafawa na musamman, misali extrusion da zane na gaba a ƙananan yanayin zafi.A ƙananan zafin jiki sarƙoƙi na polymer suna da iyakataccen motsi, kuma yanayin ya kasance bayan shimfiɗawa.Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da ci gaban rukunin yanar gizo guda ɗaya, abubuwan da suka samo asali na metallocene sun haifar da sabbin maki na polymers na kayayyaki waɗanda ke sarrafa gine-ginen ƙwayoyin cuta tare da ingantattun kaddarorin.
Yawan samar da polymers a duniya ya karu daga ton miliyan 27 a 1975 zuwa ~ ton miliyan 200 a kowace shekara a 2000 kuma har yanzu yana girma.A cewar wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan, jigilar kayayyaki 4 na kayayyakin robobi a Amurka a cikin 2000 sun kai dala biliyan 330, kuma masana'antu masu samar da kayayyaki na sama sun sayar da dala biliyan 90, wanda ya kawo jimillar shekara zuwa dala biliyan 420.An kiyasta jimlar aikin ya zama miliyan 2.4 - kusan kashi 2% na ma'aikatan Amurka.Haɓaka masana'antar polymer sakamakon keɓancewar haɗe-haɗe na kaddarorin samfuran filastik, waɗanda suka haɗa da sassauƙan tsari da ƙirƙira, ƙarancin ƙima, juriya ga lalata, rufin lantarki da thermal, da sau da yawa m rigidity da tauri kowane naúrar nauyi.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-04-2018